Discussion
What is a rugged landscape?
Answer: D
Ruggedness means the objective varies sharply with small changes of state, so local optima are numerous and each basin is small, which defeats simple hill climbing and often restarts as well. A flat landscape is the opposite extreme and is equally unhelpful. Evaluation noise and boundary optima are different difficulties. Characterising the landscape before choosing a method, even roughly by sampling, is far more informative than choosing by reputation.
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