Discussion
How deep does the evanescent wave penetrate the sample?
Answer: C
The penetration depth is of the order of a micrometre, depending on wavelength, angle and the refractive indices, which is why the technique samples only the surface layer. That limitation is sometimes exactly what is wanted, as when a coating is to be examined without the substrate beneath it. A technique's restriction in one application becoming its advantage in another is a recurring pattern worth noticing. Working one numerical case through both cases side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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