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What is emergent behaviour in a multi-agent system?

  • A.Collective behaviour not explicitly programmed into any individual
  • B.Behaviour that appears only after the system has been running a long time
  • C.Behaviour that the designers did not intend and consider a fault
  • D.Behaviour produced by the most capable agent in the group

Answer: A

Flocking, foraging and traffic patterns arise from simple local rules interacting, and the collective pattern is nowhere written down in any agent's program. It may be desirable or not. Delay, undesirability and individual dominance are incidental. Emergence is attractive because it achieves complex outcomes cheaply and troubling because it is hard to predict or guarantee, and both aspects follow from the same absence of explicit specification.

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