Discussion
What according to Manuel Castells makes social movements politically progressive ?
Answer: C
The key is Inclusion of immigrants and refugees into the welfare state.
The passage says neither "social" nor "network" is automatically progressive, because far-right movements use network logic and are social too. What it says separates the progressive movements from them is the struggle for an inclusive, democratic form of socialism, against the right-wing aim of a discriminatory, closed society that excludes immigrants and refugees from the welfare state. Inclusion of those groups is the item among the options that expresses that test. Creating networks alongside social movements and adding online and offline systems describe what the far right does as well, and including right-wing parties is the opposite of the passage's point.
The stem says "according to Manuel Castells", but the passage is a critique of him, so the answer is drawn from the passage's own test.
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