Discussion
Which one of the following facilitates transfer of bulk data from hard disk to main memory with the highest throughput?
Answer: A
The highest throughput for bulk transfers comes from DMA based I/O transfer.
With direct memory access, the DMA controller moves whole blocks between the disk controller and main memory itself, interrupting the CPU only once when the block is done. The data does not pass through CPU registers, so large transfers run at close to the bus and device rate.
In programmed I/O and polling the CPU moves every word and spends its time checking device status. Interrupt-driven I/O frees the CPU from polling, but it still takes an interrupt and moves data per word or small unit, and the interrupt overhead limits throughput for bulk data.
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