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What problem do exceptions create for inheritance?

  • A.The inheritance links become circular whenever any exception exists
  • B.Every exception requires a new category to be created
  • C.A subclass may contradict a property inherited from its parent
  • D.Exceptions cannot be represented in a frame at all

Answer: C

Penguins are birds and do not fly, so the inherited default must be overridden, which means the representation is no longer monotonic and adding a fact can retract a conclusion. Handling that properly requires default or non-monotonic logic. Exceptions are representable, circularity is a separate hazard, and new categories are one workaround among several. A representation that is convenient until exceptions appear, and exceptions always appear, is the recurring difficulty of this area.

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