Discussion
What is non-monotonic reasoning?
Answer: D
Classical logic is monotonic: adding premises never invalidates a conclusion, whereas real reasoning from defaults must retract when an exception is learned. Learning that Tweety is a penguin withdraws the conclusion that Tweety flies. Certainty decay, directionality and operator properties are different notions. Departing from a property so basic that classical logic takes it for granted is what makes this family of logics both necessary and difficult.
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