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Why has agreement on an upper ontology proved difficult?

  • A.Different domains carve the world up in incompatible ways
  • B.The categories involved are far too numerous to enumerate
  • C.No formal language is expressive enough to state them
  • D.Upper ontologies cannot be tested against any data

Answer: A

A medical ontology and a manufacturing one may need incompatible treatments of parts, processes and substances, and forcing both into one scheme distorts at least one of them. Practical projects therefore tend to agree locally and translate between ontologies rather than unify. Category counts, expressiveness and testability are secondary. That a shared standard may be unattainable rather than merely unagreed is a conclusion worth reaching before a great deal of effort is spent.

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