Discussion
What is referential opacity in representing beliefs?
Answer: C
Lois believes Superman can fly and does not believe Clark Kent can, though the two are the same person, so substitution of identicals fails inside a belief context. That breaks a rule of ordinary logic and requires special treatment. Inspection, inconsistency and identity are different issues. A context in which a basic logical principle fails must be marked as such in the representation, or the reasoner will draw conclusions the believer would reject.
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