Discussion
Why is a universal restriction satisfied by an individual with no such role?
Answer: B
A claim that every child is a doctor holds trivially of someone with no children, exactly as a universally quantified statement over an empty set is true. Modellers intending to require a child must add an existential restriction as well. Assumed roles, closed world reading and default exclusion are misreadings. A logical convention that is correct and counter-intuitive will be a persistent source of error unless it is stated explicitly during training.
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