Discussion
The common oxidation state of the elements of lanthanoid series is
Answer: C
The common oxidation state of the lanthanoids is +3.
Lanthanoids have the configuration 4fn5d0-16s2. Losing the two 6s electrons and one 5d (or 4f) electron gives the +3 state, which is the most stable for all of them.
Some also show +2 or +4, usually when that gives an empty, half-filled or full f subshell: Eu2+ and Yb2+ (4f7, 4f14), Ce4+ (4f0). These are exceptions to the general +3, and +1 and +5 are not characteristic of the series.
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