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Which of the following well-formed formula(s) are valid?

  • A.((P → Q)^(Q → R))→ (P → R)
  • B.(P → Q) →(˥P → ˥Q)
  • C.(P v (˥P v ˥Q)) →P
  • D.((P → R) v (Q → R)) → (P v Q}→R)

Answer: A

Correct answer: ((P → Q)^(Q → R))→ (P → R)

This is the hypothetical syllogism and it is valid: if P leads to Q and Q leads to R, then P leads to R. The second option is the fallacy of denying the antecedent, the third fails when P is false and Q false, and the fourth confuses the disjunction of two implications with the implication of a disjunction.

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