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Match each hopper term in List I with its meaning in List II.

List I

A. Bridging

B. Ratholing

C. Mass flow

D. Funnel flow

List II

1. A stable channel emptying through static material

2. A self-supporting arch across the outlet

3. Only a central core moves on withdrawal

4. All the material moves whenever any is withdrawn

Select the correct match.

  • A.A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
  • B.A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
  • C.A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
  • D.A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

Answer: C

Correct answer: A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

Two flow patterns and two flow problems. Bridging is a self-supporting arch across the outlet; ratholing is a stable channel emptying through material that stays put. Mass flow moves everything whenever anything is withdrawn; funnel flow moves only a central core, which is the condition in which ratholes form.

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