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The constraint \(A^{2} = A\) on any square matrix A is satisfied for

  • A.the identity matrix only.
  • B.the null matrix only.
  • C.both the identity matrix and the null matrix.
  • D.no square matrix A.

Answer: C

The constraint holds for both the identity matrix and the null matrix.

A matrix with \(A^{2} = A\) is called idempotent. For the identity, \(I^{2} = I \cdot I = I\); for the null matrix, \(O^{2} = O\). So both satisfy the constraint, and the options saying 'the identity matrix only' or 'the null matrix only' each leave out a matrix that works.

'No square matrix' is plainly false. Other idempotent matrices also exist (any projection matrix, such as \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\)), but among the four options the only one that is true is the one naming both the identity and the null matrix.

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