Discussion
The constraint \(A^{2} = A\) on any square matrix A is satisfied for
Answer: C
The constraint holds for both the identity matrix and the null matrix.
A matrix with \(A^{2} = A\) is called idempotent. For the identity, \(I^{2} = I \cdot I = I\); for the null matrix, \(O^{2} = O\). So both satisfy the constraint, and the options saying 'the identity matrix only' or 'the null matrix only' each leave out a matrix that works.
'No square matrix' is plainly false. Other idempotent matrices also exist (any projection matrix, such as \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\)), but among the four options the only one that is true is the one naming both the identity and the null matrix.
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