Discussion
Which of these is a random rather than a systematic source of error?
Answer: C
Correct answer: Thermal noise in a measuring circuit
Thermal noise is a fluctuating quantity of unpredictable sign, so it scatters readings about a mean and is reduced by averaging. The other three all shift the reading consistently in one direction - an uneven scale, a persistent temperature offset, a pointer off zero - and are systematic errors, correctable but not averageable.
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