Discussion
Why is a patch antenna's efficiency hard to measure directly?
Answer: A
An impedance measurement cannot distinguish power that has been radiated from power that has been dissipated, since both leave the input port and neither returns. Efficiency is therefore obtained by comparing measured gain with computed directivity, or by a reverberation chamber or Wheeler cap measurement. Signal level is ample, efficiency is a scalar property rather than a directional one, and connector loss is calibrated in the usual way. A quantity that cannot be measured at one port needs a method that looks at both.
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