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State whether the following is true or false.
A mitochondrion can make ATP in the complete absence of oxygen.

  • A.True only at large scales
  • B.False only at small scales
  • C.True
  • D.False

Answer: D

The chain backs up without a terminal electron acceptor, so no protons are pumped and the gradient collapses. Cells then fall back on glycolysis in the cytosol, which yields far less ATP per glucose molecule. The shortfall is why anaerobic exercise cannot be sustained for long.

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