Discussion
Which specific Trade Agreement, prior to the arrival of the East India Company, significantly altered the balance of maritime power in the Arabian Sea, thereby indirectly contributing to the later vulnerability of Malabar's Coastal Trade ?
Answer: C
The agreement was the Portuguese-Calicut Trade Accord (1513).
After years of conflict, including Albuquerque's failed assault on Calicut in 1510, the new Zamorin made peace with the Portuguese in 1513 and allowed them to build a fortified factory at Calicut. That settlement gave the Portuguese a foothold in the Zamorin's own port and strengthened their system of controlling Arabian Sea shipping through licences (cartaz), weakening the older Arab and Mappila trade network on which Malabar's coastal commerce depended.
A Venetian-Cochin treaty of 1487 would predate Vasco da Gama's arrival in 1498, and there is no record of an Ottoman-Travancore maritime pact of 1625. The Jeddah option is not an agreement involving Malabar.
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