Discussion
Which one produces highest isotope effect ?
Answer: A
The largest isotope effect is produced by tritium, \(^{3}\)H.
An isotope effect arises from the difference in mass between isotopes of an element, which changes bond vibration and reaction rates. The effect grows with the relative mass difference:
\[ \begin{aligned} ^{3}\text{H} : {}^{1}\text{H} &= 3 \\ ^{14}\text{C} : {}^{12}\text{C} &\approx 1.17 \\ ^{35}\text{S} : {}^{32}\text{S} &\approx 1.09 \\ ^{32}\text{P} : {}^{31}\text{P} &\approx 1.03 \end{aligned} \]
Tritium is three times as heavy as ordinary hydrogen, so bonds to it break markedly more slowly. For carbon, sulphur and phosphorus the extra neutrons change the mass by only a few per cent, so their isotope effects are small.
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