Discussion
X-rays induce mutagenic changes by :
Answer: D
X-rays induce mutations chiefly by chromosomal breakage.
X-rays are ionising radiation: they knock electrons from atoms, producing free radicals that break the sugar-phosphate backbone. Double-strand breaks lead to deletions, inversions, translocations and other chromosomal aberrations, the hallmark of radiation damage that H.J. Muller first exploited in 1927.
Transitions and transversions are base substitutions caused mainly by base analogues, deaminating and alkylating agents, and frameshifts by intercalating agents such as acridines. X-rays can cause point mutations too, but breakage is their characteristic effect.
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