Discussion
What does the Boltzmann distribution tell us about NMR at room temperature?
Answer: C
Because the energy gap in NMR is minute compared with thermal energy, the excess in the lower level is only a few nuclei per million even at high field. That small excess is the entire source of the signal, and it is the fundamental reason NMR is insensitive next to infrared or ultraviolet spectroscopy. The populations are not equal, or there would be no net absorption at all, but they are very nearly so. Raising the field or lowering the temperature increases the excess, which is why high field magnets and cryoprobes are worth their cost.
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