Discussion
What causes the chemical shift of a nucleus?
Answer: A
Circulating electrons around a nucleus generate a small opposing field, so the nucleus experiences slightly less than the applied field and resonates at a slightly lower frequency. The more electron density, the greater the shielding and the further upfield the signal. Coupling splits a signal rather than moving it, inhomogeneity broadens every line equally, and populations govern intensity. Because shielding depends on the chemical environment, the shift is what makes NMR a structural tool rather than merely a count of nuclei.
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