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When does a spectrum become second order rather than first order?

  • A.When more than four neighbouring protons are present
  • B.When the sample is run without spinning
  • C.When broadband decoupling is applied to the carbon channel
  • D.When the shift difference approaches the coupling constant

Answer: D

First order rules hold only while the separation between coupled signals is large compared with the coupling between them, conventionally a ratio above about ten. As the two approach, intensities distort, extra lines appear and the simple n plus one description fails, giving the leaning AB pattern and worse. Raising the field increases the separation in hertz while leaving the coupling alone, and so pushes a spectrum back towards first order. That is one of the strongest practical arguments for a higher field instrument.

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