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For \( R = 1 \ \mathrm{k\Omega} \), \( B = 1 \ \mathrm{MHz} \) at \( 290 \ \mathrm{K} \), the noise voltage is about

  • A.4 microvolts
  • B.40 microvolts
  • C.0.4 microvolts
  • D.4 millivolts

Answer: A

Substituting into the voltage expression:

\[ \begin{aligned} \overline{v^{2}} &= 4kTBR \\ &= 1.6 \times 10^{-11} \ \mathrm{V^{2}} \\ v &= 4.0 \ \mathrm{\mu V} \end{aligned} \]

so about 4 microvolts root mean square. The other options are decade errors either way. This is the figure that sets what a high-impedance input can usefully resolve, and it explains why sensitive front ends are built at low impedance.

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