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What causes shot noise?

  • A.Reflections from a mismatched transmission line
  • B.Discrete arrival of charge carriers
  • C.Random thermal agitation in a resistance
  • D.Fluctuating surface states at low frequency

Answer: B

Shot noise comes from the granularity of charge, so it requires a current and grows with it, unlike thermal noise which needs only a temperature. Thermal agitation is the resistor mechanism. Surface state fluctuation gives flicker noise. And mismatch reflections are a signal-path problem rather than a noise source. Because shot noise depends on current and thermal noise does not, the two can be separated experimentally by varying the bias. Checking the units of each quantity catches a wrong formula before the arithmetic begins.

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