Discussion
Transformation toughening in zirconia works because the transformation
Answer: A
Correct answer: involves a volume increase that closes the crack
The tetragonal to monoclinic transformation carries a volume increase of three to five per cent. The stress field ahead of an advancing crack triggers it in the grains there, and the expansion puts that region into compression, squeezing the crack closed and absorbing energy. It is the reason zirconia has a fracture toughness several times that of alumina, and the reason it is called ceramic steel.
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