Discussion
A nozzle exit pressure is \( 60 \ \mathrm{kPa} \) against an ambient of \( 101 \ \mathrm{kPa} \) with an exit area of \( 0.4 \ \mathrm{m^2} \). The pressure term is
Answer: B
Correct answer: Minus 16.4 kN
Applying the same expression with an exit pressure below ambient,
\[ F_p = (60 - 101)\times10^3 \times 0.4 = -16\,400 \text{ N} = -16.4 \text{ kN} \]The negative sign is the point: the nozzle is over-expanded, ambient pressure acts inward on the exit plane, and the pressure term subtracts from the momentum thrust. Severe over-expansion also risks shocks and separation inside the divergent section, which is why fixed nozzles are sized towards the under-expanded side.
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