Discussion
To obtain splitting in the nuclear energy levels, the concept of spin-orbit interaction was used in the nuclear :
Answer: D
Spin-orbit interaction was introduced in the nuclear shell model.
Maria Goeppert Mayer and, independently, Haxel, Jensen and Suess (1949) added a strong spin-orbit term to the shell model potential. It splits each level of orbital angular momentum l into \(j = l + \frac{1}{2}\) and \(j = l - \frac{1}{2}\), with the higher j pushed down, and this reproduces the observed magic numbers 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126. Mayer and Jensen shared the 1963 Nobel Prize for it.
The liquid drop model treats the nucleus as a charged fluid with no single-particle levels, the collective model adds rotations and vibrations, and the optical model describes nuclear scattering with a complex potential.
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