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Who, among the following, coined the word "Intermediate variables affecting fertility" ?

  • A.Hajnal
  • B.Bongaarts
  • C.Kingley Davis & Judith Blake
  • D.Caldwel

Answer: C

The phrase 'intermediate variables affecting fertility' was coined by Kingsley Davis and Judith Blake in their 1956 paper on social structure and fertility. They listed the variables, such as those governing exposure to intercourse, conception and gestation, through which all social and economic causes must act on birth rates.

Bongaarts later reduced these to a smaller set of proximate determinants and Hajnal worked on marriage patterns, while Caldwell is known for his wealth flows theory. None of them coined the phrase.

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