Discussion
Crude oil of \( 1000 \) kg contains \( 1.8 \) per cent phosphatides. Degumming recovers \( 15 \) kg of gums. The recovery of phosphatides is
Answer: B
Correct answer: 83.3 per cent
The phosphatides present are 1.8 per cent of the charge:
\[ 0.018 \times 1000 = 18\ \mathrm{kg} \]
and the recovery is what was collected over what was there:
\[ \frac{15}{18} \times 100 = 83.3\% \]
The shortfall is the non-hydratable phosphatides, chiefly calcium and magnesium salts of phosphatidic acid, which water alone will not swell. Acid degumming with phosphoric or citric acid is used where those must be removed too, since any left behind darken the oil during deodorisation.
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