Discussion
Arrange the refining steps for a crude vegetable oil in order:
1. Neutralisation of free fatty acids
2. Degumming to remove phosphatides
3. Deodorisation under vacuum
4. Bleaching with activated earth
Select the correct sequence.
Answer: D
Gums must go first because they interfere with every later step, then the free acids, then the colour, and deodorisation finishes the oil. Winterisation, where it is needed at all, follows deodorisation as the final step.
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