Discussion
Three of the following are removed during refining. Which is added?
Bleaching earth
Phospholipids
Free fatty acids
Waxes
Answer: B
Correct answer: Bleaching earth
Bleaching earth is added to the oil, not taken from it. Activated clay is stirred in, adsorbs pigments, soaps and trace metals, and is then filtered off as spent earth carrying the impurities with it.
The other three are removed: phospholipids in degumming, free fatty acids in neutralisation or physical refining, and waxes in winterisation. Some oil is lost with the spent earth, typically 20 to 30 per cent of the earth's own weight, which is why the dose is kept to what the colour specification actually requires.
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