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Just one of these four equations is linear. Which?

  • A.\( \left(y'\right)^{2} + y = x \)
  • B.\( y'' + \sin y = 0 \)
  • C.\( y'' + xy' + y = \sin x \)
  • D.\( y'' + y y' = 0 \)

Answer: C

Linearity requires the unknown and its derivatives to appear only to the first power and never multiplied together; the coefficients may depend on \( x \) as freely as they like. The product \( yy' \), the squared derivative and \( \sin y \) each break that, and it is exactly this that puts the pendulum equation beyond elementary treatment

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