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All of the following are climate proxies EXCEPT

  • A.thermometer records from weather stations
  • B.tree ring widths taken in a core
  • C.pollen assemblages found in lake sediment
  • D.the oxygen isotopes measured in ice

Answer: A

Correct answer: thermometer records from weather stations

A thermometer measures temperature directly, so it is an instrumental record rather than a proxy - and it is what proxies are calibrated against over their period of overlap. Ring widths, pollen assemblages and ice isotopes are all quantities that varied with climate and must be interpreted through a calibration.

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