Discussion
What does the pH of a solution measure?
Answer: A
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity, not concentration, and the distinction matters in concentrated solutions where activity coefficients depart from unity. Total acid concentration is what a titration measures and can be very different for a weak acid, ionisable group count is a molecular property, and conductivity responds to every ion present rather than to hydrogen ions alone. Because a glass electrode responds to activity, what an instrument reports is an operational quantity fixed by the buffers used to calibrate it.
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