Discussion
What is the pH of a solution whose hydrogen ion activity is one thousandth of a mole per litre?
Answer: B
Taking the negative logarithm of a thousandth gives 3, since ten to the power minus three has a logarithm of minus three. The scale runs conveniently from about 0 to 14 in water at room temperature because the ion product of water is ten to the minus fourteen. A value of 1 would need a tenth molar activity and 11 would be alkaline. Getting comfortable with the logarithmic step is essential, since one pH unit is a tenfold change in activity and instrument resolution of 0.01 units means one part in a hundred of that decade.
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