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Integrating a message before a phase modulator produces

  • A.Amplitude modulation
  • B.Phase modulation of twice the index
  • C.Single sideband
  • D.Frequency modulation

Answer: D

Because frequency is the derivative of phase, integrating first cancels the differentiation implicit in the relationship and the result is frequency modulation. That equivalence is the basis of the Armstrong transmitter, which phase modulates a crystal oscillator and integrates the audio to obtain FM. Amplitude modulation needs a quite different modulator. Doubling an index requires a gain change. And single sideband is an amplitude scheme entirely.

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