Discussion
Why does phase shift keying need a phase reference or differential coding?
Answer: A
Only phase differences are observable, so a receiver cannot tell which absolute phase it has locked to and must either be given a reference or encode information in the change from one symbol to the next. That is the analogue phase ambiguity in digital dress. Carrier instability is a separate practical problem. Bandwidth is set by the symbol rate. And the index is a design parameter rather than something the receiver measures. Working one numerical case through both schemes side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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