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What would a vector or constellation display show for a PM signal?

  • A.A point moving along a radius at constant angle
  • B.A stationary point
  • C.A figure of eight through the origin
  • D.A point moving along an arc at constant radius

Answer: D

Constant amplitude with varying phase traces an arc at fixed radius, which is the visual signature of angle modulation and of every phase keying scheme. Movement along a radius at fixed angle is amplitude modulation. A stationary point is an unmodulated carrier. And a figure through the origin would imply the amplitude passing through zero, which suppressed-carrier AM does. Reading a constellation display this way identifies the modulation family at a glance.

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