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Boiling water at 100 degrees Celsius is unreliable for sterilization because it

  • A.does not kill any vegetative bacteria
  • B.cannot be applied to metal instruments
  • C.requires a pressurised vessel
  • D.does not destroy bacterial endospores

Answer: D

Boiling kills vegetative bacteria, most fungi and many viruses within minutes, but endospores can survive it for hours. That single gap is why the autoclave, which exceeds 100 degrees by using pressure, replaced boiling for surgical instruments.

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