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Hot water is poured simultaneously into four metallic tumblers painted outside with different paints. After some time the water will be found to have cooled most in the tumbler painted

  • A.Rough white
  • B.Rough black
  • C.Shining white
  • D.Shining black

Answer: B

The water cools most in the tumbler painted rough black.

Kirchhoff's law says a good absorber is a good emitter, and a rough black surface has emissivity near 1, so it radiates fastest. By the Stefan-Boltzmann law the rate is \(E = e\sigma A T^4\), and roughness raises the effective area as well.

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