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Which extension of classical planning handles uncertain action outcomes?

  • A.Conformant planning over an unknown initial state
  • B.Temporal planning with actions of extended duration
  • C.Hierarchical planning with decomposition of abstract tasks
  • D.Probabilistic planning with a decision theoretic model

Answer: D

Uncertain effects call for a probabilistic model, typically a Markov decision process, whose solution is a policy rather than a sequence. Conformant planning addresses an unknown initial state with deterministic actions, and the other two relax quite different assumptions. Matching an extension to the assumption it relaxes is what makes the family of planning formalisms navigable rather than a list of unrelated techniques.

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