Discussion
The system based exclusively upon face of observed characters without direct reference to phylogeny is called :
Answer: C
The system is phenetic classification.
Phenetic classification (numerical taxonomy, developed by Sokal and Sneath) groups organisms by their overall similarity in as many observable characters as possible, each given equal weight, without trying to reconstruct evolutionary history.
Phylogenetic and evolutionary classifications are built expressly on lines of descent. 'Natural classification' in the historical sense (as of Bentham and Hooker) used many characters to show natural affinity and later came to be read in evolutionary terms, so the system defined by ignoring phylogeny is the phenetic one.
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