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Holland's formula for plume rise includes terms in

  • A.Stack height and emission rate only
  • B.Stability class and downwind distance
  • C.Ambient pressure and humidity only
  • D.Velocity, diameter, wind and temperature

Answer: D

Correct answer: Velocity, diameter, wind and temperature

Holland’s formula combines both mechanisms:

\[ \Delta h = \frac{v_s d}{u}\left(1.5 + 2.68 \times 10^{-3} P d \frac{T_s - T_a}{T_s}\right) \]

The first term in the bracket is momentum and the second buoyancy, so exit velocity, stack diameter, wind speed and the gas-to-air temperature difference all appear. Emission rate does not: how much pollutant is in the gas has no bearing on how high the plume goes.

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