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Arrange the causal chain of stack tip downwash:

1. Exit velocity falls below about one and a half times the wind speed

2. A low pressure region forms immediately downwind of the stack

3. The plume is drawn into that region rather than rising

4. Effective stack height falls and ground level concentration rises

Select the correct sequence.

  • A.1, 2, 3, 4
  • B.2, 1, 3, 4
  • C.1, 3, 2, 4
  • D.2, 3, 1, 4

Answer: A

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3, 4

The chain runs: exit velocity falls below about 1.5 times the wind speed → the wind separating round the stack leaves a low-pressure region immediately downwind → the slow plume is drawn into it rather than rising → effective stack height falls and ground-level concentration rises. The pressure region forms because of the flow round the stack, so it follows the velocity condition rather than preceding it.

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