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Freeze drying is occasionally used for ceramic powders because it

  • A.removes the need for any calcination step entirely
  • B.adds the binder to the powder at the same time
  • C.avoids the agglomeration that ordinary drying causes
  • D.reduces the particle size far below what milling can reach

Answer: C

Removing the liquid by sublimation avoids the capillary forces that pull particles together as a solvent evaporates. It is slow and expensive, so it is reserved for powders where agglomeration would be particularly damaging.

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