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An amplifier sounds gritty at low volume but clean when loud. Which fault fits?

  • A.A supply rail sagging under heavy load
  • B.A loudspeaker lead with a poor connection
  • C.Insufficient quiescent bias in the output stage
  • D.An output device with a lower gain than its partner

Answer: C

Distortion that is relatively worse at small signals is the signature of crossover: the step at the handover is a large fraction of a small output and a negligible one of a large. Mismatched devices, supply sag and a bad connection would all worsen as the level rose. Whether a defect grows or shrinks with signal level is the most informative single observation about an output stage, and it points here unambiguously.

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