Discussion
Consider the following statements about output stage protection.
1. V-I limiting follows the shape of the safe operating area
2. An output relay protects the loudspeaker rather than the amplifier
3. Emitter ballast resistors improve the amplifier's efficiency
Which of the statements given above is or are correct?
Answer: D
The first two are correct and the third is the reverse: ballast resistors dissipate power and cost a little output swing, so they reduce efficiency slightly - what they buy is safe current sharing between paralleled devices. Three protection measures addressing three different failures, and each costs something. Naming the cost of a protective measure alongside its benefit is what prevents it being omitted as free or added as harmless.
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