Discussion
Assertion (A): A shallow orographic cloud can produce heavy rain when an upper cloud lies above it.
Reason (R): Precipitation from above sweeps out the liquid water of the lower cloud efficiently.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason is the mechanism. The shallow cloud cannot precipitate on its own, but it holds a high liquid water content that falling drops or crystals sweep out efficiently as they pass. That is why rainfall totals on windward slopes can far exceed what the local cloud depth would suggest, and why the enhancement disappears when the upper cloud does.
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