Discussion
Which arrangement raises the critical speed of a long shaft?
Answer: A
Halving the unsupported length quadruples the critical speed, which is why long shafts are made in two pieces with an intermediate support. Increasing the diameter helps as well. Adding wall thickness increases mass and stiffness together and helps very little. Most errors here come from carrying across a result from a neighbouring case where it does not hold. Tracing the requirement back to the physical constraint that produces it makes the answer follow. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.
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